디지털리터러시를 활용한 영어 말하기
성신여자대학교 영어영문학과
윤태진
AI를 이용한 발표
Percentage English speakers by country (15 December 2009)
Part I. 언어 습득 이론과 교수법 소개
Krashen’s Five Hypotheses
Krashen (1982) emphasizes the innate subconscious process involved when acquiring a new language,
rather than emphasizing conscious processes such as memorizing explicit grammar rules.
- Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis:
There are two ways in which communication in a second language develops: language acquisition and language learning. Language acquisition has much in common with the way children develop their first language (L1) in that it occurs subconsciously when the acquirer finds a need for communicating with others. Language learning, on the other hand involves explicit learning with direct instruction about the rules of the language. - Monitor Hypothesis:
Learners acquire grammatical structures in a natural order, but conscious language rules are not developed until later. Once a student has conscious knowledge of grammatical structures, they are able to edit, or self-monitor, oral and written language. This process requires adequate time to develop. - Natural Order:
Learners acquire the rules of language in a predictable sequence. "What is learned early in one language is learned early by others." (Lightbrown and Spada (1996) - Comprehensible Input:
Learners will best acquire language when given appropriate input. Comprehensible Input is easy to understand but still challenges the learner to infer meaning just beyond their level of language competence, often referred to as "i+1" - Affective Filter:
Learners require an environment where they feel safe to take risks necessary to learn the language. A learner's emotional state will affect their receptiveness to comprehensible input.
source:https://www.txel.org/media/bvblndin/di_krashen-s-five-hypotheses.pdf
Barry McLaughlin: Attention-Processing Theory
Second language learning is viewed as the acquisition of a complex cognitive skill.
To learn a second language is to learn a skill
because various aspects of the task must be practised and integrated into fluent performance.
This requires the automatization of component sub-skills. ...
As performance improves, there is a constant restructuring
as learners simplify, unify and gain increasing control over their internal representations.
These two notions – automatization and restructuring – are central to cognitive theory.
McLaughlin 1987: 133-134
Using PPP lessons for teaching English - Intro to ESL Lesson Planning
Presentation - Practice - Production
A brief history of language teaching
https://www.languagesroadshow.com.au/a-brief-history-of-language-teaching
As well as scientific approaches, language pedagogy has also seen its fair share of fads and fashionable, experimental methods over the years. From the reliance on dreary sentence translation to the use of Baroque music to create an optimal learning environment, language learning has been a fertile field for innovation.
While language pedagogy has seen dozens of distinct methods emerge, they have followed several broad trends. From the 1600s to the 1900s, language learning was seen primarily as a scholarly pursuit, and therefore was only really for the very wealthy or the highly educated. The focus was on learning grammar, and not on being able to actually speak the language.
In the 20th Century, more humanistic approaches to learning were starting to emerge. The emphasis was shifting towards engaging the learner as a whole, rather than just their mind. This holistic, learner-centred style replaced the more authoritarian approaches of the past.
In the 1970s and 1980s, language teaching started moving towards our modern communicative methods. Academics started observing how children learn their first language and applying their findings to second language acquisition.
We have put together a timeline of the key language teaching approaches of the last 200 years. You may find some familiar elements, and some you’re probably glad are no longer in vogue!
Part II. 디지털 리터러시를 이용한 영어 말하기
A Short History of the Voice Revolution
https://voicebot.ai/2018/03/28/timeline-voice-assistant-smart-speaker-technology-1961-today/